Graph theory has long provided a robust mathematical framework for investigating networks, relations and connectivity in both abstract and applied settings. Recent advances have markedly refined our ...

The historical pursuit of creating intelligent machines has culminated in the modern era of artificial intelligence. However, the efficacy of AI applications is contingent upon a nuanced understanding ...

The most widely used technique for finding the largest or smallest values of a math function turns out to be a fundamentally difficult computational problem. Many aspects of modern applied research ...