Five-axis machine tools are widely used for machining complex parts. The limited dynamic bandwidth of servo axes leads to tracking errors during motion. These tracking errors are kinematically ...

In current five-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machining, the use of minute linear path segments as an approximation for the ideal cutter contacting (CC) point trajectory is still prevalent.

Most motion controllers determine a motion profile after the user enters certain points along the path. The real question is this: What path does the motor take between points? There are a number of ...