Hydrogels are a class of soft materials resembling native soft tissues, which consist of cross-linked 3D networks formed by covalent bonds or physical interactions. Due to the high water content and ...

Female Wistar rats (300–350 g) were anesthetized with thiopentone sodium (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and intubated to facilitate breathing. Animals were placed on controlled heating pads, and core temperature ...