Kleinschmidt initially evaluated five pipe material options for the penstock replacement: wood stave, concrete, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, steel and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP).

Penstock is a costly equipment costing around 20% of the total project cost. Last week, a burst in the penstock pipe at Sorang project in Kinnaur played havoc with lives and livelihoods of people ...