Some AC-powered equipment utilized in nuclear installations are sensitive to the instabilities of the amplitude and frequency of the AC power system. The critical functions of such equipment in the ...

Modern societies would not survive without electricity and at the same time electrical faults could cause and have caused many catastrophes—mainly deadly fires—to our societies. There are two types of ...

An analog- or a mixed-signal lab cannot have too many voltage sources. A simple, reasonably high-precision voltage source can set bias points in an op-amp circuit, tweak the feedback node of a power ...

If we replace the potentiometer VR1 with an AC signal plus DC bias signal in any of the previous Figures 3 to 17, the voltage controlled attenuators can become an amplitude modulator circuit instead.

A power supply’s source, in actual use, is never ideal. The real behaviour, including parasitics, needs to be considered to build a reliable power system. When we use power supplies, we ensure that a ...

Many embedded systems require a stable, low-noise DC reference. This reference can be a stable current or voltage source. These references are used in many ways. Some typical uses are listed as ...

Robust systems often have several different power sources, and switches are implemented to separate the power supplies from each other to avoid damage. In most cases, multiple diodes are placed in the ...

There are times when you need to bias a low-current load and simply didn’t want to add another voltage regulator, or where you need a reasonable level of voltage accuracy, so a simple voltage divider ...

Fig. 1. Basic single-phase circuit and load. As the load draws current, a voltage drop develops across the supply and return conductors. N-G voltage measurements at the load will reflect the voltage ...