The vapor-compression cycle has four stages (compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation) and one ultimate goal: converting refrigerant into a state that makes it useful as a heat transfer ...

Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...

Among the various types of valves on the market, ball valves are critical in high-pressure systems, enabling precise fluid control in industries like power generation, chemical processing, and oil and ...